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What are some key debt metrics, and why are they important?

The leverage multiple, debt / EBITDA, is a common metric comparing debt and EBITDA. EBITDA is a proxy for cash flow that can be used to pay back the debt. It’s also a measure of the core profitability of the business that remains neutral in terms of capital structure, tax jurisdiction, and accounting policies. The […]

What type of multiples would you use for a company in real estate?

P / FFO Per ShareP / AFFO Per ShareP / NAV Per Share FFO = Funds from Operations, which adds D&A and subtracts capital gainsAFFO = FFO + capital expenditures + rent increasesInterest is core to business, so debt is consideredNAV = Net Asset Value (Assets – Liabilities) -> Note that this is a different […]

How can a PE firm incentivize management to stay and perform?

A PE firm can incentivize management to stay by getting management to put up some equity for the acquisition, also known as management rollover. Usually, management will anywhere from 5-20% of the company to ensure they have “skin in the game.” Another common method to incentivize management is with options. Options give management a percentage […]

What is debt sizing in project finance? (1 min)

Debt sizing is used in project finance (infrastructure) to figure out how much debt can be raised to support an infrastructure project each month / year. As dictated by the debt term sheet, there is usually a maximum leverage ratio (eg maximum of 70% debt and 30% equity) and a minimum debt service coverage ratio […]

How does a capital call affect IRR?

A capital call is when a portfolio company needs to go back to its investor(s) to ask for more equity investment. This could be to finance an add-on acquisition or a new growth strategy. A capital call may also occur if the company is simply low on cash and needs more capital to stay afloat […]

Why would a PE firm choose to do a sale-leaseback after acquiring a company?

A sale-leaseback involves selling property ownership to a third party and then renting that property back from that third party at a rate that was previously agreed upon. This is also a common way to generate cash to fund other projects. Companies may also wish to do this to reduce their real estate risk and […]